http://www.yoganatomy.com/2012/08/your-shoulders-in-upward-facing-dog/
Because the hands are on the floor, the scapula can’t really move up and down. Instead what technically happens is that the rib cage goes up or down between the scapulae. The movement is a relative one between the rib cage and scapulae so we call it a movement of the scapula even though it’s really the rib cage that has to move.
It’s still the same muscles functioning that would do the work of pulling the scapulae down except, your torso weighs a bit more than your shoulder girdle. I think this is often why we see beginners struggle with this. Very often I think teachers misread this as weakness in the arms, and although that may also be true, this movement requires strength of deeper muscles that move the scapula.
What are the muscles that depress the scapula and in this case, work to lift the rib cage up? There are really only two that are set up to do this work directly, meaning they have a direct connection onto the scapula itself. The Pectoralis Minor and the Lower Trapezius.
Pectoralis minor is a relatively small muscle located in the front of the chest under the more popular Pec Major. It attaches from ribs 3 -5 and then up to a little bump on the front of the scapula called the coracoid process. With its fiber direction it pulls the scapula down (depression) as well as downwardly rotates it.
The lower trapezius is probably more familiar to you in name at least. It’s part of the larger trapezius muscle, which outlines and often defines what we see as our shoulders. For the most part, this muscle is known for shrugging or lifting the shoulders up to the ears. However, its lower portion does the opposite action of the upper portion and actually pulls the scapula down in depression.
Having said that, there are two other muscles that indirectly assist in the action of depression. Latissiumus dorsi as well as a portion of the larger pectoralis major (images at bottom). Both of these attach onto the humerus and not the scapula directly. But they definitely do assist and will work to pull the scapula down against resistance. In our case, they help to lift the rib cage up between the scapulae.
Should we squeeze the scapula together in the back?
I’m not a big believer in this technical instruction that is sometimes given in upward facing dog. I often explore many of the instructions that I hear out in the world to give them a fair shot in my own body, this one stopped me cold from the beginning.
In my body if I squeeze my shoulder blades together behind my back when I’m in up dog it feels more restrictive to my breath. This is a non-starter for me. Even if I’m not in upward facing dog and I squeeze my shoulder blades together it feels like it restricts my ability to breath. It’s already hard enough for many people to inhale while in up dog and this only seems like it adds to that restriction.
I think sometimes this technique is given because it does place some pressure on the spine. At least it feels that way. Honestly, I think most people are experiencing the tension in the muscles that bring the scapulae together. Which brings me to a very important part of why some people do this even if not instructed. From my point of view squeezing the shoulder blades together in the back can be a compensation for other parts of the up dog that aren’t set up correctly.
For instance, If you’ve rolled over your toes and your spine isn’t particularly bendy then it’s quite possible that your shoulders will end up out too far in front of your wrists. One way of getting those shoulders back in line with the wrist is to… you guessed it; squeeze those shoulder blades together behind our back! By squeezing them, the line of the shoulders does move back in space and often more in line with the wrists.
The other part is that it feels like we’re doing a deeper backbend than we might actually be doing. Of course, feeling is important but what we’re after is often creating anatomical patterns that connect into larger anatomical patterns in the practice. In order to make this happen in this posture we really need to look at the backbending aspect of this posture.
It’s the Seed of the Backbend
One way of looking at upward facing dog is that it begins the work of a full backbend. I’m not going to take this aspect too much further as we’re talking about the shoulders in Up Dog at the moment. I have to reference it however because it’s this larger picture that may clue us into where we want to work and where we don’t want to work in this pose.
The bigger pattern is to get the backbend to be distributed through the whole of the spine. Most people need more backbending in their upper back to balance things out. In my mind Up Dog is begging the question, can I create a good pattern and work with my spine in a way that feeds the more advanced backbends to come?
We will all naturally backbend more and have more range of motion in our lower back. I am not saying you should not bend in your lower back. Of course you should. Heck, I dare you not to! You all know as well as I do that yoga often asks us to work in the places that are hardest for us. After all, if we continually work on the easy parts, we play into our strengths and avoid our weaknesses. This just creates more imbalances on the physical level.
For most of us the hardest place to get our spine involved in a backbend is the middle and upper back. So the question is, are you also bending in your upper back as much as you can?
Since I see this connected to the backbend. Do we want to move from our spine, or from our scapulae in upward facing dog? I vote SPINE!
Underlying Posture
Sometimes the anatomy of the individual is an important factor. What we call “bad” posture can affect our ability to get into the upper part of our spine. Especially if it’s mixed with a naturally bendy lower back. The “bad posture” is the posture that has us slumping forward a bit with the shoulders rounded forward. From the point of view of the spine we would say that there is a strong kyphosis.
If you or a student has this pattern it is often more difficult to find more of the backbending movement in the upper part of the spine. It seems to be true for two reasons; one is that the posture of the spine itself is inherently headed in the opposite direction of a backbend. Second, if you also have a very flexible lower spine than it’s much easier to let the up dog happen there solely or completely.
At this point the body acts more unconsciously and takes advantage of its strengths. In this case, perhaps it’s a bendy lower spine. In other words one feels like they’re doing enough of a backbend in up dog already, why look for more? It’s a good question to ask. The answer is more about creating and working toward a balance through the parts of the spine. Only moving the scapulae around doesn’t usually address this, it just hides it. The starting of this is to create an intention. Usually you’ll have to slow down the movements of up dog and move through the spine in a way that encourages the felt sense of trying to work in the upper back. Conscious intention.
From the Hands Up
The foundation of upward facing dog is the hands and the feet. Ideally the knees are off the floor and the only thing that remains are the hands and the feet. The arms are designed in a similar way to the legs. In the last article about the shoulders in down dog, I reference the idea of a kinematic chain. That is, the interlinking of joints. In the case of the arms the elbow is the center of the chain of the arm and has the ability to affect the position of the wrist below and the shoulder above.
Also like the down dog article, we find a common instruction of getting the creases of the arms to point forward. No, I’m not a fan of this as an instruction nor was I a fan of it for down dog either. No one has ever given me a reason that fits with what I know about anatomy.
Where should the elbows point? Wherever the students anatomy has them pointing. Pay more attention to the line of the wrist as we did in down dog, the general ability to ground through the hands, and what compensations do or do not happen in the scapula.
When the elbow is “locked” the movement doesn’t get distributed through all of the joints in the same way and this can be a place where the compensations of squeezing the shoulder blades, or letting the shoulders sneak up into the ears actually begins.
The best way to get someone out of their joints and into the tissues that support those joints is to have them bend that joint, especially when weight bearing. In this case bend the elbow slightly and you’ll very quickly be in the tissues. Will it be harder? Yes, because you’ll actually have to use muscles to hold yourself up as opposed to relying on the joints doing it for you.
Conclusion
First and foremost, look at the patterns of movement in yourself or in your students. Ask the question, is it serving you/them right now? Is it leading them somewhere meaningful in terms of the development of postures that are still to come? It’s ok to give time for these things to change. There isn’t always a switch that turns things on and off in the body.
I can’t think of any two more important ideas, concepts, or principles to keep in mind than: Freeing the breath and freeing the spine. Make space and length for these two components, and the rest may just happen on its own.
lower portion of pectorails
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